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Do Genesis 1 and 2 Contradict? Explaining the Order of Creation.
Many critics attack the inerrancy of Scripture by claiming that Genesis 2 contradicts the creation sequence of Genesis 1. Genesis 1 presents a broad, structured chronology: land animals are created, and then humanity is created as the climax of Day 6 (Gen 1:24–31). By contrast, critics often read Genesis 2 as a different chronological sequence: (1) the creation of the man (Gen 2:7), (2) the planting of the garden and the growth of its trees (Gen 2:8–9), and (3) the formation of the animals and birds (Gen 2:19). On a surface-level reading, that ordering can appear to conflict with Genesis 1. What should we make of this? The Relationship of the Garden to the Creation Account A key assumption in the “contradiction” argument is that when Genesis 2:8–9 describes God planting a garden and causing trees to grow, it must be describing the same event as the creation of vegetation…
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The Prince of Preachers on the Usefulness of Textual Criticism
When Charles Spurgeon is mentioned, he is almost always celebrated as the Prince of Preachers—a communicator of extraordinary clarity, force, and eloquence. And rightly so. Spurgeon was a masterful expositor who loved the Lord and proclaimed the Scriptures with bold conviction. His life and ministry remain a towering model of Christian devotion, both for believers in general and preachers in particular. Yet one dimension of Spurgeon’s preaching is often overlooked: his careful attention to the textual issues of the Bible in its original languages. Throughout his sermons and writings, Spurgeon demonstrated an awareness that not every manuscript reading or translation was equally certain. He was deeply committed to ensuring that what he proclaimed from the pulpit was the genuine Word of God. In practice, this meant that Spurgeon regularly and thoughtfully engaged in textual criticism (textual criticism is the scholarly process of comparing manuscripts to determine the most accurate original…
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What is the Longest Book of the Bible?
There are 1,189 chapters in the English bible, and 31,103 verses. But which book of the Bible is the longest? The answer surprises most people! Hint: It is not Psalms! At least depending on how you are counting. I am at least partially motivated to write this blog post on the issue of the longest book of the Bible because it makes such a great youth group trivia question! But, it also helps puts things in perspective for what you can expect when reading through the Bible. There are a variety of ways to calculate the longest book of the Bible. You can count chapters, verses, or words. You could also technically make a differentiation between Greek or Hebrew, and the common English translations that we use. Of course, it should be noted that we are not combining any books of the Bible. So, although 1 & 2 Samuel, 1…
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Some of the Errors in the King James Version
One of the reasons people hold to the King James Only viewpoint is that they are under the mistaken impression that the King James was a translation that was made without error by the translators. In this article, I want to look at the historical development of the KJV and make some specific notes about the verifiable errors that existed in the original 1611 translation, and how those were changed in future editions. Pretty fascinating stuff! The Need to Update the King James Version The KJV was originally published in 1611 by translators who followed 15 principles of translation. However, as the years passed, the KJV (also known as the Authorized Version) was in serious need of an update. Because English grammar and spelling had changed, in 1762, a Cambridge printer, Joseph Bentham, made many revisions. These revisions updated the spellings, punctuation, and the like. However, this version never caught…
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The 15 Rules Behind the Making of the KJV
I have great respect for the King James Version (KJV)—many of the verses I quote still come from the regal English. Yet I have also met sincere Christians who have been taught that the KJV itself, not merely the Hebrew and Greek beneath it, is inspired in a unique sense. Is this true? Was the KJV inspired? Did the translators of the KJV think that they were creating a new inspired product? The 15 Guiding Rules for the Translators When King James commissioned the work in 1604, Bishop Richard Bancroft drafted fifteen rules to govern the project. Revisiting those rules helps us appreciate the KJV’s achievement without mistaking it for a miracle or misunderstanding its purpose. Here, then, are the fifteen principles that shaped the making of the King James Bible. Interesting Observations on the Rules Translation rules 1, 6, and 14 are interesting. Rule #1 mandated that their translation use the Bishop’s Bible as…
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The Reformers on the Importance of Greek and Hebrew
Scroll through most seminary catalogs today and you will spot a disturbing trend: fewer required hours in Greek and Hebrew. Yet five centuries ago, the Reformers considered those very languages the engine that powered the Reformation itself. When the likes of John Calvin and Martin Luther opened their Hebrew and Greek Bibles, they pried the church out of medieval darkness and into the sunlight of sola scriptura. Their example is a convicting reminder that we cannot keep the doctrinal gains of the past while neglecting the tools that produced them. Below is a brief discussion of how Luther and Calvin used the biblical languages—and why pastors, teachers, and seminarians should still make them a priority. Luther’s Sword and Safeguard Luther knew the gospel does not hover in mid-air; it is embedded in words, grammar, and syntax. The biblical languages were, in his mind, the defense of the Gospel itself! In…
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10 Things Your Bible Wants You to Know About It
Hello, it’s me, your Bible. I’m glad you’ve taken some time out of your day to hear what I have to say, because I think many people don’t really understand me. But because you are curious enough to listen, here are 10 things I want you to know about me. 1. I am a book, and books are meant to be read. I know I look very neat and tidy on the shelf, but I was not made to be a shelf ornament. I am supposed to be read! The only way I fulfill my purpose is if you read me. That’s what books are for! 2. I am a book, and should be read as a book. Why am I the only book that you open to read just one or two verses? I don’t see you taking your other books and only reading one sentence. I am a…
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Sensus Plenior vs Confluence: Understanding How God Inspired Scripture
Scripture is not merely the product of human thought or literary creativity, but the divinely guided Word of God. In our study of biblical inspiration, two views are often contrasted: the idea of sensus plenior—the “fuller sense”—and the concept of confluence. While proponents of sensus plenior argue for a latent, deeper meaning in Scripture that even the human author might not have fully grasped, the confluence model asserts that God’s revelation and the human author’s message are in perfect unity. This article will summarize and examine both views, focusing on the example of Caiaphas, a text often appealed to in support of sensus plenior. I will argue that Scripture was written with a complete harmony of intent—both human and divine—and that proper exegesis must rely on the historical and grammatical context of the text. Understanding Sensus Plenior The Latin term sensus plenior means “fuller sense,” and it suggests that the…
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Egyptian Wisdom Meets the Bible: Parallels Between Amenemope and Proverbs
It often comes as a surprise to people when they realize that there are striking similarities between the content found in biblical wisdom books and certain ancient texts from surrounding cultures. Although Scripture is unique in its monotheistic worldview, there are some interesting overlaps in the Bible’s wisdom writings with other wisdom sources from polytheistic cultures. As Christians, what are we to make of these similarities? For our purposes, we can illustrate this phenomenon by comparing Proverbs with an Egyptian document called The Instruction of Amenemope, a collection of wisdom sayings that are clearly polytheistic in nature. There is a lot of thematic overlap in both. For example, both teach the concept that wealth is not everything. They also both admonish us to practice integrity and fairness in daily transactions, caution us against the fleeting nature of riches, and emphasize what we could call contentment. Here are some notable examples.…
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Did the Old Testament Saints Believe in a Canon of Scripture?
From our perspective we sometimes take for granted that we have an authoritative canon—a collection of inspired Scripture from God. But it is worth thinking through how the Old Testament saints viewed the collection of authoritative writings. Did Old Testament believers recognize a specialized, authoritative collection of writings? Looking at the Old Testament evidence, it seems that the Jewish people recognized certain writings as authoritative from God, while at the same time acknowledging a different quality of other writings. The Law of Moses: A Special Collection with Special Rules We see early evidence of Scripture being regarded as authoritative in the book of Deuteronomy. For example, Moses instructed all the people to gather every seven years to hear “this law” (Deut 31:9-11). Further, Moses instructed the Levites to store the book of the law along with the ark of the covenant (Deut 31:24-26). Additionally, Israel was instructed that nothing could…